The development of therapeutic exercises in Russia

Physiotherapy in pre-revolutionary Russia. References to the therapeutic application of exercise in Russia for the first time took place in the XVII century, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

In cases apothecary order, which was in charge of health, I found a recipe instructing Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, obese, exercise in the form of horse-riding, hiking, running and hunting.

It should be noted that marine physician A. Bakherakht first suggested that "... any arbitrary gesture as skakanie, plyasanie, Lazko the masts and fun games", is a means of preserving the health of the sailors.

P. Bogdanovich said: "To maintain health should also movement; For all that it is subject to rapid degradation, which deprived thereof. " "Forbearance and body movements are the most important means to preserve health."

Pirogov Medical Council directed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of its opinion in connection with the discussion of the first draft of the organization in the Russian Supreme Gymnastics Institute. "The history of natural science, experience and a healthy sense ... - wrote NI Pirogov - obviously convince us of the powerful action of the body, strengthening exercises on the manners and spirit of the people.

Use the application to the case to military exercises, to the treatment of various diseases had become too obvious thing for everyone ... and to this institution gymnastic institute believe it is now highly relevant and useful purpose "

Pirogov pointed out that the exercises should be used as a powerful means of hygienic education. It is recommended to combat atrophy of limbs after gunshot wounds special exercises.

He emphasized that for these patients, "... fresh air and movement of the body, even if passive, make living conditions and treatment success."

Professor of the Moscow Medical-Surgical Academy Kudryavtsev wrote about a special gymnastics at the curvature of the spine.

The development of medical gymnastics in Russia

After the revolution, working in the Tomsk Institute of physiotherapy, DS Pirussky creates a system of treatment, including treatment of the movement, the natural forces of nature and trudom.V Tsarist Russia had no medical gymnastics widespread in hospitals.

It is mostly used in diseases and injuries of locomotor (contusions, sprains, dislocations), with curvature of the spine in children; age, obesity, tabes and certain functional disorders of the nervous system.

The development also contributed to the doctors: EN Zalessoza, VF Diakovsky, MK leopard, K. Soloviev et al. Uncritically taken up by the Swedish medical gymnastics was used mainly from the standpoint of local therapy in combination with massage.

The guidelines for medical gymnastics and massage much more attention was always given to the latter, and gymnastics was considered as an aid. It is not superfluous to note that the Russian doctors were the first on the use of therapeutic exercises for gunshot wounds and fractures.

From archive materials it is known that in 1877 - 1878 years. in St. Petersburg opened a clinic with a direction for the free treatment of wounded soldiers, victims of the Russian-Turkish voynu.K Unfortunately, we have noted that some of the priority issues in the development of various active treatment wrongly attributed to foreigners.

For example, a doctor Ekaterynoslavsky VP whistleblowers in 1893, t. E. For 2 years before the publication of the French Luc Shampionera surgeon, published his observations in treatment of closed fractures of bones massage and gymnastics.

Also unreasonably biased and was raised on board the Austrian surgeon Belair as the founder of functional therapy for traumatic injuries of the extremities.

In fact, the work Belair is an imitation of the great work of the Kharkov Medical Group physicians and Mechanical Institute, the materials of which are published before the First World War as well as during it.

History of physical therapy in the Roman medicine

It should be noted also merits of representatives of the Roman history of medicine in physical therapy. So, Aurelian Caelius Council under motor paralysis patient to train movements, paralysis of facial muscles recommends moving the eyebrows and eyelids. When paraplegic, he suggested exercises on Block machine.

It is also recommended to use exercise during consumption.

Materialist view of the largest representative of the Roman medicine of Galen (131 - 200 years. And e.) The criticism expressed in the teachings of Plato's concepts. The primary in nature, he considered not concepts, not thinking, being, matter, which, according to Galen, is eternal, imperishable and has eternally inherent movement.

In the doctrine of the soul, he went on Aristotle. Galen wrote that he "is not clear, how can the soul, not as something solid, to penetrate themselves body" (FR Borodulin).

Action of exercise on the body

Galen on the basis of their research in the field of anatomy and physiology concluded that in all organs of the body are the nerves, the sources of the latter is the brain and spinal cord. Action of exercise on the body, according to Galen, is connected with the indispensable participation and nervous system.

So, Galen emphasized that "no nerve no movement called arbitrary", expressing the idea nervism, which are widely, from a position of modern physiology and clinics designed Botkin and Pavlov et al.

Arab medicine (600 - 1200 gg. BC. E.) And her followers Arabists (1100 - 1500 gg. BC. E.) Have left no evidence, except for individual guidance, mainly hygienic nature, the use of physical exercise for medicinal purposes.

In the Middle Ages the development of Christianity is essentially suppressed physical culture and information about the medical use of exercise in this period not available.

The third part of the first volume of "Canon" is devoted to the issue "On the preservation of health." This chapter examines in detail and consistent treatment for children, people reached manhood, and for the elderly.

The author of "Canon" believes that "the main thing" in a mode of maintaining health has physical exercise, and then the mode of food and sleep. "

The "canon" discusses the various types of physical exercises, which are divided by the author on the small or big, very strong, and weak, fast or slow and moderate.

This work highlights the issues and methods of use of physical exercise as a physical therapy in various diseases and for people of different ages.

An entire section devoted to the regime, the use of physical exercises and massage for people who "move in years" (the elderly).

Development of physiotherapy in Greece

One of the important steps in the development of physical therapy is the heyday of Greek culture. Physical education in ancient Greece was given serious attention, which was clearly reflected in the art, especially in sculpture.

Exercise Greeks divided into four groups:

1) natural - running, walking, swimming, diving, wrestling, etc .;

2) military - exercises with weapons (sword, javelin, and others.);

3) religious dances that were used in the commission of the rites of worship in temples (these dances were in the nature ritmoplasticheskih movements and performed mostly by women);

4) medical gymnastics, which was part of the medicine of the time.

For physical therapy in Greece is characterized by two periods.

The era before Hippocrates (1500 - 480 years. BC. E.) Characterized by rough treatment on the patient using exercise for therapeutic purposes.

He appointed jogging, walking for a few tens of kilometers, fighting and other exercises, even with fever. This is a flagrant use of exercise was changed in connection with the teachings of Hippocrates (460 - 375 years. BC. E.).

Hippocrates, and later Aristotle (384 - 322 years.) BC. e. contributed to the development of hygienic knowledge. Hippocrates and his school regarded the human body as a whole.

Followers of the teachings of Hippocrates, doctors have Asklepiad, Thessalonians, Aretha, Ruf et al.

The teachings of Hippocrates, the unity of mental and physical categories was subsequently postponed for a long time the dualistic philosophy of Bacon and Descartes. Under the influence of the latter embarked on the course of medicine analytical way.