Exercise and blood pressure

The mechanism of cardiac hemodynamic factors, exercise and blood pressure

In the mechanism of cardiac hemodynamic factors should be considered first and foremost a function of the central apparatus of blood circulation.

In the process of patient exercise last stimulate mutually related trophotropic energotropic and influence.

Exercise and blood pressure

Under normal conditions, with adequate physical exercise significantly increases blood flow to the coronary system, dilates blood vessels of the myocardium, an increasing number of functioning capillaries, enhanced redox processes that lead to the improvement of trophic processes in the heart muscle.

With an increase in blood pressure by 50% flows through coronary vessels is 3 times more blood than alone. Expansion of the myocardial vessels due both neural and humoral effects (carbonic acid, adrenaline, lactic acid and the like.).

Stimulation of the central influences (cortico-visceral), as well as the action of humoral substances (mainly protein nature, formed by the muscular activity) contribute to strengthening the contractile function of the heart muscle.

In the same direction, and affects more complete diastolicheokaya phase, as this contributes to the rapid increase in the number of circulating blood. Here it should be borne in mind that a healthy person every muscle fiber of the heart is reduced with greater force, the more it was stretched in the preceding diastole.

The increase in systolic blood volume in patients during exercise is a consequence of both the increase in the force of contraction of heart muscle and increase the flow of her blood. Due to the systolic phase of the cardiac wave of blood, being distributed through the vessels, experiencing some resistance.

This is caused by the viscosity of the blood, rubbing it on the vascular wall, as well as overcoming gravity hydrostatic column of blood and other factors.

Reducing the impact of cardiac factors, the vascular system

Consequently, when the blood pressure wave removal in the circumferential direction gradually decreases. The latter is particularly pronounced in overcoming area of ​​small arteries, capillaries of the preceding. As we reduce the impact of factors on cardiac blood flow, the influence of neuro - vascular factor.

Influence of neuro - vascular factors is largely due to the firmness and elasticity of the arterial walls. Expanding under the influence of waves the blood, they accumulate potential energy, which is due to the elastic vessel wall is converted into kinetic and the vessel returns to its original state, exerting enhancing effect on the progress of the wave of blood in the circumferential direction.

But the development of the adaptability of the circulatory system to the gradually increasing load is achieved at the same time involved in the process throughout the vascular system.

The vascular system is a huge interoretseptivnye field; it is a source of enormous amounts of afferent impulses, which, through the cerebral cortex and autonomic centers, affecting the activity of the heart, creating conditions agreed functions of the central and peripheral circulatory apparatus.

Increased cardiovascular function during exercise due to the nervous and humoral influences, promotes greater manifestation of elasticity of the arterial wall, which affects the blood flow acceleration.

Exchange during muscular activity

Simultaneously during muscular activity is observed enhancement of enzymatic activity in muscles, increases the content of glutathione, ascorbic acid, yellow enzyme (flavins).

Ultimately training results in improved redox exchange phase. Works NN Yakovlev and his staff to study the biochemical changes in the muscle activity showed convincingly close relationship metabolism of the central nervous system, primarily from the influence of the cerebral cortex.

OI Sokolnikov has been tested in practice and the technique of studying the reactivity of human data shifts intermediate exchange based on high molecular weight (proteose) and low molecular weight (polypeptides), protein decomposition products.

For example, studies indicate the ability to exercise influence on processes of tissue metabolism, in particular protein. Immediately after the application to patients with spinal cord injuries dosage exercise proteose observed increase in blood and reduced polypeptides.

The results indicate the ability of exercise to stimulate the plastic creative processes in tissues and enhance the assimilation trophic processes.

The simultaneous reduction in the blood low molecular weight products (polypeptides) indicates a decrease in intracellular processes of decay, which also speaks of strengthening the plastic phase of the exchange as a result of physical exercise. When the patients exercise produced specific products of muscle metabolism: adenosine triphosphate, adenylic acid phosphogen and others.

Exchange during muscular activity, changes in relationships Exothermic

EB Babsky associates showed that the effect of these substances in small dosages characterized by expansion of peripheral vessels, and in large doses - vasoconstriction.

Under humoral shifts must also take into account the dynamics of oxygen, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, reserve alkalinity, pH, potassium, calcium, blood sugar, and so on. D.

The observed increase in muscular activity of hemoglobin, increasing the number of red blood cells, reducing shift to the left, as well as an increase in phagocytic function of monocytes suggest that exercise is a stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system in a broader sense - the active mesenchyme.

Several studies have also indicated the ability of exercise to stimulate the endocrine zhelez.Nesomnenno that profound biochemical changes that developed as a result of the muscles, are a powerful source propriotseltivnyh pulses; it affects the reactivity of the nervous system in the implementation of its coordination functions.

Effect of exercise also affects the ratio of change in Exothermic, affecting trains action and the whole physiological mechanism of thermoregulation, increasing its resistance to environmental factors. This is particularly true if the use of physical exercises combined with hardening of the body.

The effect of physical exercise should take into account the change in the ratio of thermal and kinetic energy in the muscles. Thus, when the muscle activity on average 20% of the chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy, and 80% - in heat.

As a result of coaching exercise influence on the nervous system and the development of adaptive mechanisms of exchange efficiency increases to 16 - 20 to 25 - 30%, which is reflected in the increase of muscle performance.

The therapeutic value of physiotherapy, physiology and pathology

Modern physiology and pathology

At the same time the implementation of exercise there is an increasing effect on the central nervous system of afferent stimuli.

In the process of training and develop temporary fixed connection (cortico-visceral-muscular and musculo-viscero-cortical), improving consistency in the functioning of various body systems of the patient, enriched conditional reflex activity.

By joining humoral and trophic influence caused by the nervous system. This results in a better functioning of the various systems and whole body of the patient, which improves the therapeutic effect.

Important in the reactivity of the patient to exercise plays a humoral mechanism, which compared to the nerve should be considered as subordinate to the mechanism of the secondary order.

Modern physiology and pathology give the leading role of the nervous regulation of an organism, which is seen especially in a period of heightened activity, causing the overall response of the patient to exercise.

It is known that the activity of the organs and tissues in the body is caused not only by waves of nervous excitation (nerve impulses), but also special chemicals that are formed in the body - hormones and metabolic products (metabolites).

An important role in the reaction of the body attributed to the autonomic nervous system.

It should be borne in mind that the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine glands are functioning in a close relationship, it can be considered as a single functioning system - vegetative-endocrine.

Experimental observations have enabled Orbeli argue that the sympathetic nervous system innervating muscle tissue, it regulates metabolism, adapting it to the functional activities.

This regulating effect of the sympathetic nervous system division Orbeli calls adaptive-trophic, pursuing the idea of ​​uselessness and deep opposition trophotropic energotropic effects on the muscular system.

Features of adenosine triphosphate

When physical exercise significantly activates metabolism in the muscles and the chemistry of muscle contraction. It is known that the energy source of the working muscles are occurring on enzymatic and oxidative processes.

Biochemical changes under the influence of muscular exercise have been studied since the time of Lomonosov and Lavoisier. A particularly large contribution to the study of this issue has made Russian biochemical School headed by AV Palladin.

Currently accepted theory of muscle contraction, outlined Engelhardt, showed a direct connection with the splitting of muscle contractions adenosine kisloty.V beginning muscle contraction for the first time and with the greatest speed split adenosine triphosphate.

This is followed by a slow process of decay phosphogen on creatine and phosphoric acid. The slowest is the process of splitting of glycogen to lactic acid.

Formed by splitting phosphogen phosphoric acid is used length re-synthesis (recovery) and adenosine triphosphate phosphogen in redox phase exchange. Restorative processes are provided mainly by oxidation of carbohydrates with the active participation of oxygen.

As shown, the latest research of muscle contraction, the latter is carried out with the participation of the proteins actin and myosin. Thus, the protein myosin is contractive muscles and the substance has the property to break down adenosine triphosphate. Myofibrils composed of actomyosin, representing two long filaments of actin and myosin, bonded with each other.