Exercise and circulatory system

Effect of exercise on hemodynamics

Under the influence of the routine use of exercise gradually improves the function of the circulatory system.

Ideas of functional therapy is the governing in a modern clinic, especially pronounced in the method of physical therapy,

where acting on patient factors - exercise - actively involving through the nervous system and the subsequent humoral shifts all parts of the circulatory system.

Under the influence of the routine use of exercise gradually improves the function of the circulatory system.

At the heart of this process - the development of a functional adaptation of the patient to physical activity - is the process of training the dosage.

Under the influence of the latter, a high co-ordination function of the circulatory system, respiration, metabolism, etc., The leading element of achieving coordinated activity of all the major systems of the body of the patient is the nervous system, with its higher parts - the cerebral cortex, with the higher centers, regulating blood pressure, open yet In 1886 VM Bekhterev.

The leading role in the regulation of the circulatory system belongs to the neural mechanisms, which by reflex perform this function.

This nervous regulation not only supports blood pressure at a certain level, but also provides rapid redistribution of the blood and, in particular, the transition from the rest of the body in an active state.

Neural mechanism of regulation of the circulatory system operates in close connection with the humoral influences.

Thus, an increase in hydrogen ion concentration, accumulation of blood lactic acid, carbon dioxide and others. Irritate the chemoreceptors in the reflex zones of the vessels (aorta in the mouth, in the carotid sinus et al.), Which affects the self-regulating blood pressure and arterial muscle tone.

In the lumen of blood vessels is also affected by a number of substances that cause vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effect.

Thus, the vasoconstrictor effect on arterioles and capillaries renders the adrenaline, the coronary vessels of the heart and blood vessels of the brain expands adrenaline.

Vasopressin (posterior pituitary hormone) causes a narrowing of the capillaries mainly in all organs, except the kidneys and the renin (produced in the kidney) has a vasoconstrictor effect and causes an increase in blood pressure.

Exchange during muscular activity

Simultaneously during muscular activity is observed enhancement of enzymatic activity in muscles, increases the content of glutathione, ascorbic acid, yellow enzyme (flavins).

Ultimately training results in improved redox exchange phase. Works NN Yakovlev and his staff to study the biochemical changes in the muscle activity showed convincingly close relationship metabolism of the central nervous system, primarily from the influence of the cerebral cortex.

OI Sokolnikov has been tested in practice and the technique of studying the reactivity of human data shifts intermediate exchange based on high molecular weight (proteose) and low molecular weight (polypeptides), protein decomposition products.

For example, studies indicate the ability to exercise influence on processes of tissue metabolism, in particular protein. Immediately after the application to patients with spinal cord injuries dosage exercise proteose observed increase in blood and reduced polypeptides.

The results indicate the ability of exercise to stimulate the plastic creative processes in tissues and enhance the assimilation trophic processes.

The simultaneous reduction in the blood low molecular weight products (polypeptides) indicates a decrease in intracellular processes of decay, which also speaks of strengthening the plastic phase of the exchange as a result of physical exercise. When the patients exercise produced specific products of muscle metabolism: adenosine triphosphate, adenylic acid phosphogen and others.

Exchange during muscular activity, changes in relationships Exothermic

EB Babsky associates showed that the effect of these substances in small dosages characterized by expansion of peripheral vessels, and in large doses - vasoconstriction.

Under humoral shifts must also take into account the dynamics of oxygen, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, reserve alkalinity, pH, potassium, calcium, blood sugar, and so on. D.

The observed increase in muscular activity of hemoglobin, increasing the number of red blood cells, reducing shift to the left, as well as an increase in phagocytic function of monocytes suggest that exercise is a stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system in a broader sense - the active mesenchyme.

Several studies have also indicated the ability of exercise to stimulate the endocrine zhelez.Nesomnenno that profound biochemical changes that developed as a result of the muscles, are a powerful source propriotseltivnyh pulses; it affects the reactivity of the nervous system in the implementation of its coordination functions.

Effect of exercise also affects the ratio of change in Exothermic, affecting trains action and the whole physiological mechanism of thermoregulation, increasing its resistance to environmental factors. This is particularly true if the use of physical exercises combined with hardening of the body.

The effect of physical exercise should take into account the change in the ratio of thermal and kinetic energy in the muscles. Thus, when the muscle activity on average 20% of the chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy, and 80% - in heat.

As a result of coaching exercise influence on the nervous system and the development of adaptive mechanisms of exchange efficiency increases to 16 - 20 to 25 - 30%, which is reflected in the increase of muscle performance.

Training exercise, the impact on the metabolism

The process of training exercise has a stimulating effect on metabolism. The effect on metabolism, carried out through the nervous system, and the impact on strengthening the regulation of operating systems

from various chemical compounds having high physiological activity.

In this regard it should be noted that under the influence of physical exercise, as well as increasing the circulation faster delivery of products of muscular activity and strengthens the role of treble activators operating at a great distance from their place of education (products of the endocrine glands), which promotes a coordinated function of major systems organism.

Over the past 20 years due to the rapid development of biochemistry it became known that the numerous reactions of conversion and metabolism in the body are dependent on physical exercise and mental activity of man and the influence of environmental factors.

For example, during training exercise and stress reactions are accelerated metabolism and ensures the release of the energy required for operation. It was also known that the reaction rate is determined by the metabolic activity of the enzyme catalyzing the reaction.

These activators are numerous hormones in the blood flow which varies with the external conditions. Thus, it was found that when psychological or physical pressure is increased release of corticosteroids, which is regarded as adaptive.

Increased allocation of corticosteroids is due to increased activity of the anterior pituitary, adrenal gland releasing adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulant.

Hormonal regulation of metabolism

In general m   during the hormonal regulation of metabolism participate pancreatic hormones paraschitovidkoy, pituitary gland, gonads and others. However, the nervous system, they form a neuro-hormonal regulation, which ensures consistency of exchange reactions at rest and during exercise.

When you exercise in the working muscle tissues are formed mainly of protein substances proiskhozhdeniya.Tak, our experimental observations indicate that the blood taken from patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system, and patients with spinal cord injuries immediately after exercise, is increasing and strengthening contractions of isolated heart frog.

Thus, the physiological effects of exercise on the coordination of the functions carried out primarily through the nervous mechanism, supplemented as humoral effects, including both non-specific substances (products of metabolism in muscle activity) and specific (hormones).

Such interaction of nerve and humoral mechanism provides a common reaction of the body of the sick person to the different types of physical activities and external factors sredy.V assessing the impact of exercise on the patient should be aware that the process of training improves tissue metabolism.

During the physical exercise to working muscles of blood flowing in a large quantity, and hence more nutrients and oxygen utilization which increases tissue.

Muscular system under the influence of training enriched potential elements of exchange - adenosine acid fosfagenom, glycogen, et al., Raises resynthesis phosphorus compounds, as well as lactate to glycogen and therefore the lactic acid in the muscles trained person stored in a much smaller amount in comparison with untrained person.

It is also proved that training leads to a reduction of energy consumption of substances during muscle activity.