Respiratory function, the study of the movements of the diaphragm

Respiration is the act of inhaling and exhaling. During inhalation ribs movement occurs simultaneously in two joints:

1) between the head of the ribs and the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae,

2) between the cusp edges and transverse process underlying vertebra along a line passing through both the joint axis corresponding to the longitudinal dimension of neck ribs.

In connection with the change in the axis movement during breathing edges of the front ends of the ribs due to curvature are not rotated and raised or lowered. In a normal chest, from the upper to the lower ribs, the axis changes direction, because, closer to the front direction at the upper edges, it gradually takes a more sagittal direction at the bottom.

Chest expansion at a breath at the top thereof takes place predominantly in the anteroposterior direction, while the lower part - in the transverse direction.

Since the axis of the ribs are not located in one and in different planes, the front ends of the ribs during joint motion diverge, "a consequence intercostal spaces extend like a fan and thoracic cavity increases somewhat in the longitudinal direction, which contributes to the flattening of the diaphragm during inhalation.

Last flattened in connection with active contraction of muscle fibers, and in connection with a passive following of the lower ribs, in which the diaphragm has a point of attachment. Along with the active mobility of the diaphragm, which is expressed in the reduction of all muscles, it should be borne in mind and passive mobility, depending on the inspiration of raising the ribs.

Studying the movements of the diaphragm by fluoroscopy gives reason to believe that the level of the diaphragm varies depending on the position of the body.

Thus, in the supine position hemidiaphragm stands higher than a standing position, and hence the greater mobility of the diaphragm in the supine position.

When lying on your side - the lower half of the diaphragm has a high mobility, and movement of the upper half of the diaphragm is very limited.

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and therefore the increased intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal wall a few steps forward.

Thus, at the time of inhalation chest expands in three mutually perpendicular directions:

a) at the top - in the anteroposterior preferably,

b) at the bottom - preferably in lateral and

c) in the vertical direction - due to the flattening of the diaphragm and the lifting ribs.

In pathological conditions, the normal alternation of respiratory movements can be broken and diskoordinirovatoya. Thus, a number of studies show that patients with emphysema increased energy consumption in the respiratory movements.

Due to violations of the mechanisms that coordinate the function of external respiration, a number of patients have paradoxical movement of the chest, diaphragm and abdominal wall, included a large number of auxiliary respiratory muscles with increased her stress, which greatly improves the work of the respiratory muscles to provide pulmonary ventilation.

Thus, in patients with pulmonary emphysema of pulmonary ventilation for the same work the pectoral muscles in 3, 5 - 6 times, and the abdominal muscles 4 - 8 -raz higher than that in healthy.

These data indicate the importance of the therapeutic value of therapeutic exercises, the effect of which is aimed at eliminating incoordination of respiratory act.

Thus, the effect of exercise is based on the change in the reactivity of the patient, controlled neurohumoral mechanisms.

Active exercise, as an act of intelligent behavior of the patient, increase the influence of the cerebral cortex to the effector organs, stimulating effect of subordination.

The basis of the therapeutic success is the ability to exercise influence on the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex, affect the mobility of the nervous processes.

The circulatory system

Pavlov opened diverse influence on the nervous system and circulatory system installed special trophic effects on the nervous system of the heart muscle.

Clearly, the mechanism of these effects is largely determined besides central, also involving peripheral nerve endings of afferent in reactive response of the cardiovascular system to exercise.

Pavlov attached great importance to the regulatory influence of muscular work on the function of the circulatory system.

On this occasion, he wrote: "For a doctor it should be noted that the regulation occurs how well the heart works, due to muscular activity, certainly not excessive, as bad happening regulation of cardiac operation at different disturbances, koi do not lead to muscular work.

Because so easily affected the heart of the liberal professions, usually carrying a light muscle work, but too prone tribulations of life "

Some clinicians have noted regulating effect of moderate exercise on the functioning of the cardiovascular system in general.

This influence is reflected in the strengthening and energotropic trophotropic effects on the circulatory system, to mobilize the cardiovascular system, the factors supporting the circulatory system and blood supply to the device functions as a whole to the needs of exchange.

The regulation of the human circulatory system functions performed by neural and humoral mechanisms in the application of physical exercise is evident not only normal, but even with such deep rhythm disturbances, such as, arythmia perpetua.

Thus, using the exercise to a certain extent it can be done the requirement that pushes Pavlov not only learn, but learn to control physiological processes.

So with the help of the selection and application of various physical exercises it is possible (within certain limits) to manage the activities of the cardiovascular system, circulatory system, respiratory system, affect the metabolism and other functions of the human body.

The mechanism of action of physical exercise on the patient is also seen in the regulatory impact of physical activity on the function of the respiratory system.

Regulation of respiration in humans, the respiratory center

Considering the mechanism of regulation of respiration in humans, it should be noted that the old views about the leading role of humoral regulation of breathing lost its meaning. In the first place in the regulation of respiration appears nervous mechanism, which is confirmed by the works of KM Bykov, VN Chernigov, A. Smirnov, ME Marshak et al.

First of all, during muscular work neural mechanisms of regulation of respiration provide adequate pulmonary ventilation and the persistence of carbon dioxide tension in the arterial blood. Experimentally established conditional reflex increased respiration before and at the beginning of muscular work.

Conditional reflex connection between muscle work and breathing set, apparently, in the early periods of human life; this relationship in the process of formation and development is secured. Man (healthy and sick) adapts its breath to different muscle activity.

As pointed out by AN Krestovnikov, respiratory education skills occurs by the formation of a conditioned reflex. Thus, when the patient gymnastic hand movements that coincide with the phases of respiration become conditioned stimuli breathing apparatus that promotes the formation of a conditioned reflex proprioceptive breathing.

At the same verbal instructions to the patient (doctor or Methodist) should be considered as an important feature of the regulation of respiration in humans caused by the second signal system. Recent research confirmed conditioned reflex mechanism of arbitrary changes in respiration.

We also show that inner speech with the counting of breathing can significantly affect the flow of the respiratory act, and perform breathing exercises, followed by a change in the potential of speech muscles, especially in the initial phase of the exercise.

The respiratory center of the brain  

Accumulated evidence in experimental physiology considerably shaken autonomy "of the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata." It is now recognized the influence and involvement in the regulation of respiratory function and overlying the lower parts of the brain and with the inclusion levels of the cerebral cortex.

The respiratory center has a pronounced ability to adapt, in particular, and to physical activity, and the higher parts of the central nervous system to maintain the constancy of its excitability and lability.

When you exercise and activation of external respiration impulses from pulmonary stretch receptors increases, so that there is increased activity of the respiratory center, which is expressed in the increased activity of the inspiratory and expiratory motor neurons then.

Based on several studies moleno assume that the influence of the cerebral cortex on respiration plays a major role not only in the beginning, but throughout the entire work.

On the regulation of breathing during muscular work the cerebral cortex has not only a starter but also corrective influence, as for all the work there is a corresponding change in pulmonary ventilation rate and rhythm of breathing.

Thus, in the present state of the question of the regulation of respiration in humans leading role given to the neural mechanisms is particularly important corrective role of the cerebral cortex. The humoral mechanism should be seen as subordination.